Growth and Change: A Journal of Urban and Regional Policy. "The Struggle for Tamil Eelam in Sri Lanka". "A comparative grammar of the Dravidian or South-Indian Family of Languages". Politics of Tamil Nationalism in Sri Lanka. Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot. Pondichéry: Institut Français de Pondichéry. South-Indian Horizons: Felicitation Volume for François Gros on the occasion of his 70th birthday. "Robert Caldwell's Derivation īlam Karthigesu Indrapala updated his theory in 2005 and claims that Eela, the stem of Eelam, is attested in Sri Lanka for centuries before the common era as a name of an ethnic group, and eventually it came to be applied to the island as Eelam. The Dravidian Etymological Dictionary, which was jointly edited by Thomas Burrow and Murray Emeneau, marks the Indo-Aryan etymology with a question mark. This, he says, is also likely to have been the source for the Pali '"Sihala". Thomas Burrow, in contrast, argued that the word was likely to have been Dravidian in origin, on the basis that Tamil and Malayalam "hardly ever substitute (Retroflex approximant) 'ɻ' peculiarly Dravidian sound, for Sanskrit -'l'-." He suggests that the name "Eelam" came from the Dravidian word "Eelam" (or Cilam) meaning "toddy", referring to the palm trees in Sri Lanka, and later absorbed into Indo-Aryan languages. Sinhala>Sîhala (in Pali) / Sihila (in Prakrit)>Sîla>Ila>Ilam (Eelam). He derived Eelam from Sinhala as follows The earliest occurrence of the name Eelam is in the Brahmi inscriptions of South India in which it occurs as Ila (Eela), the Prakrit form of the Eelam. Sri Lankan historian Karthigesu Indrapala in his thesis released in 1965 suggested that the people from whose named Eelam is derived were Sinhalese. Robert Caldwell, following Hermann Gundert, cites the word as an example of the omission of initial sibilants in the adoption of Indo-Aryan words into Dravidian languages. Late 19th century linguists took the view that the name Eelam was derived from the Pali (An Indo-Aryan language) form Sihala for Sri Lanka. Eelavar now refers to the citizens of the proposed Tamil Eelam, which would have taken up the northern and eastern parts of Sri Lanka. Since the 1980s the words Eelam and Eelavar have been taken up by the Tamil separatist movements. Eela-kaasu and Eela-karung-kaasu are refers to coinages found in the Chola inscriptions of Parantaka I. Eelavar is a caste of toddy tappers found in the southern parts of Kerala. The Tamil inscriptions from the Pallava & Chola period dating from 9th century CE link the word with toddy, toddy tapper's quarters ( Eelat-cheri), tax on toddy tapping ( Eelap-poodchi), a class of toddy tappers ( Eelath-chanran). One of the prominent Sangam Tamil poets is known as Eelattu Poothanthevanar meaning Poothan-thevan (proper name) hailing from Eelam. The Sangam literature Paṭṭiṉappālai, mentions Eelattu-unavu (food from Eelam). : erukatur eelakutumpikan polalaiyan "Polalaiyan, (resident of) Erukatur, the husbandman (householder) from Eelam.". The Tirupparankunram inscription found near Madurai in Tamil Nadu and dated on palaeographical grounds to the 1st century BCE, refers to a person as a householder from Eelam ( Eela-kudumpikan). The earliest use of the word is found in a Tamil-Brahmi inscription as well as in the Sangam literature.
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